Translate

Senin, 31 Desember 2012

Choosing the Right Adjustment for Color Correction


Photoshop CS4 provides dozens of orders for adjustment
color correction option which is most appropriate.

Auto Color
To balance the colors mean value and set
color tonal balance (as described earlier).
This feature is very powerful for color correction.

Brightness / Contrast
Adjustment is how it works more to regulate tonal
compared to set the color. Therefore, this facility is not appropriate
for color correction.
Preset Level adjust the tonal color of the Green Channel.
Level
Although the primary function is to correct level of light on the
image, but if you work for RGB Color Mode and
CMYK to prepare images for printing system
Level Offset and color printers are very useful. In this case
specifically to perform color correction on the Channel.
Set the Curve on Channel Red
Curve
As with Level, Curve is also useful for
color correction on Channel Colors. Compared with Level, Curve
often more effective.

Exposure
It's not an option to do the color correction, but
(As it were) set the aperture on the camera alone.
Vibrance
Is a new feature in Photoshop CS4 adjustment. How it works
simple, the approach control color saturation
neutral with saturated himself.

Hue / Saturation
It is a very powerful feature for color correction. With
feature, you can create new shades
image you are working on. He has three sliders:

  Hue, to create new shades in the image.
  Saturation, to adjust the color density.
  Lightness, to adjust the brightness of the color darker image.
different after the Hue and Saturation changed her.

Color Balance
Through this tool you can set highlight, midtone, and shadow
the processed image. Color Balance With this, you can also
image processing to obtain special effects. Color
Balance also provides colors Cyan, Red, Magenta,

Yellow, and Blue as a counterweight so that you can set
intensity of each color.
Figure 2-14: Image originally before changing the Color Balance.
Figure 2-15: Once the color is directed to a color kemerahmerahan.

Photo Filters
This is actually more likely than the color adjustment
filter. The aim is to give the impression of the object image into
direction of color or a certain situation. For example, in order to impress the object image
cool or cold, then the image was given a blue filter, so impressed
warm, then given a red filter, and so on.

In addition to the color filter option, you can also adjust the darkness
color filter it by dragging the slider or type value
particular.

Black and White
This is a feature to create a color photo to black,
but not to convert them into greyscale. Black color
values ​​obtained with the white color elements compose Red,
Yellow, Green, Cyan, Blue, and Magenta
The advantage when using this feature, the value of the color content
photos are not removed as if converted. So, you
can play a specific color in the photo to give
black color. For example, a blue color elements derived intensity
so when the display to black and white, then darkness
will decrease.
Black & White with a certain color trends. Well, this is certainly
in contrast to the use of a direct tendency Photo Filters
color on a particular color, but after image
shown in black and white, it would appear that the third color
Tint or tendency termed soft colors.
Well, Tint you can select by clicking on Tint box so
the left will appear alias tick tick,
're on the right is a box containing the sample
color. If you click on it, a dialog box will appear Select Target
Color is none other than the Color Picker dialog box.

Channel Mixer
Color correction was conducted through a particular color channel. In
which in certain cases, if you find there is
channel were damaged in an image, now, through this feature
repairs can be made.

In the Channel Mixer Channel you can choose which
that needs to be corrected.

Invert
Facility to reverse the image color as the negative film.
This adjustment without using dialog boxes and palettes
own. Invert not a tool for color correction.

Posterize
Posterize is a means to simplify the colors to
obtained effects such as posters printed (screen printing).
The lower the position of the slider, the more clearly the difference between a
part of the color to the color of the other as if nothing happened gradation
discoloration. Increasing the level of the slider values
, the increasing fineness of gradation.

RODA GIGI LURUS











Gambar Roda gigi Lurus
Profil Gigi
Profil gigi dibuat dengan bentuk yang teratur dan diharapkan tidak menimbulkan kejutan-kejutan suara, gesekan yang mengurangi tenaga yang dipindahkan à cepat aus.
            Macam profil gigi ada 2 yaitu:
-          Cyclioda
-          Evovente (incolute)

4.2.5.1.Cycloida :
Garis lengkung yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah titik pada sebuah lingkaran, bila lingkaran tersebut menggelinding pada sebuah garis lurus.
Apabila lingkaran menggelinding pada lingkaran lain (sisi luar), garis lengkung dinamakan : Epicycloida dan kalau pada sisi dalam lingkaran lain dinamakan hypocycloida.
Profil ini sukar sekali dibuat tepat pada mesin-mesin.

4.2.5.2.Evolvente
Garis lengkung yang dihasilkan dari sebuah titik pada sebuah tali yang dibuka dari gulungannya dan selalu dalam keadaan tegang.
Profil gigi dengan garis evolvente ini mempunyai beberapa keuntungan yaitu:
-          Arah dan besarnya tekanan pada gigi-gigi dapat selamanya sama.
-          Dapat lebih tepat dibuat dengan mesin.

4.2.5.3.Profil Batang Bergigi (Rack Gear)
Profil untuk rack gear adalah : bukan merupakan garis lengkung, melainkan garis lurus yang menyerupai profil ulir trapezium.
Secara teoritis adalah spur gear yang mempunyai diameter jarak antara yang tidak tertentu/dibatasi. Jadi semua ukuran berasal dari garis lengkung menjadi garis lurus/linear.
4.2.6.      Penentuan Besaran – Besaran
Untuk menentukan besaran-besaran roda gigi ada 2 macam :
-          Sistem modul
-          Sistem diameteral pitch roda gigi ada 2 macam
4.2.6.1.Sistem Modul (M)
Sistem ini digunakan untuk satuan metris, dan untuk satuan modul (mm) yang biasanya tidak pernah ditentukan.
Moduls : adalah perbandingan antar diameter jarak antara dengan jumlah gigi, 
           

4.2.6.2.Sistim Diametral Pitch dan Circular Pitch
Sistem ini digunakan hampir semua roga gigi yang bersatuan inchi:
Diametral Picth (DP) perbandingan antara banyaknya gigi dengen diameter jarak antara dalam inchi, 
           
Circular Pitch (CP) panjang busur lingkaran jarak antara pada dua buah gigi yang berdekatan dalam satuan inch, jadi:
           

4.2.7.      Batasan – batasan / istilah roda gigi.
4.2.7.1.Pitch Circle
Merupakan garis lingkaran bayangan, jarak antara roda gigi, yang harus bertemu/berimpit untuk sepasang roda gigi.
4.2.7.2. Picth Diameter.
Diameter jarak antara /diameter tusuk.
4.2.7.3.Circularp pitch :
Panjang busur lingkaran jarak antara pada dua gigi yang berdekatan.
4.2.7.4.Addendum :
Tinggi gigi diluar lingkaran jarak antara “tinggi kepala gigi”
4.2.7.5.Dedendum :
Tinggi gigi di dalam lingkaran jarak antara “tinggi kaki gigi”
4.2.7.6.Clearance :
Kelonggaran antara tinggi kaki gigi dengan tinggi kepala gigi yang saling menanggkap.
4.2.7.7.Backlash
Perbedaan antara lebar gigi yang saling menangkap pada lingkaran jarak antara.
4.2.7.8.Sudut Tekan :
Sudut antara garis lengkung jarak antara, dengan garis tekan.
4.2.7.9.Garis Tekan :
Garis yang dihasilkan dari hubungan titik-titik tekan dan memotong titik singgung lingkaran jarak antara 2 roda gigi.


4.2.8.      Pembuatan Roda Gigi
Profil gigi-gigi pada roda gigi dapat dibuat dengan jalan :
-          Dipotong (frais, Sekrap, Hobbing)
-          Dicetak (Dituang, extrude à Disempurnakan dengan dipotong).
-          Di roll (semacam Proses à kartel knurling)
Dan sebagai proses pengerjaan akhir dapat : digerinda, lapping, shaving.
4.2.8.1.Proses pengerjaan dengan dipotong.
Proses pengerjaan ini ada dua macam yaitu dengan membentuk tiap-tiap profilnya, dan dengan “Generating Method”
-          Cara pembentukan langsung tiap-tiap dengan alat-alat potong pisau frais jari roda gigi, pisau frais roda gigi dan pahat sekrap roda gigi. Semua cara ini harus dibantu dengan peralatan pembagi “kepala pembagi”, maka hasil pengerjaannya kurang persisi karena kesalahan-kesalahan /toleransi tiap-tiap pemakaman yang mungkin sekali terjadi pada kepala pembagi.
Tiap alat/pisau potong profil tersebut mempunyai data-data tertentu untuk ukuran module dan banyak gigi yang akan dibuat.
Proses pengerjaan ini dapat menghasilkan spur gear roda gigi payung kurus, roda gigi cacing/cacing, batang bergigi.
-          Cara “generating method” mempunyai prinsip pemotongan yang berbeda, karena bentuk pisau hobbingnya menyerupai ulir cacing. Pisau hobbing berputar bersamaan dan sebanding dengan roda yang akan dibentuk gigi-giginya. Sehingga akan dapat menghasilkan bentuk profil dan ukuran-ukuran yang lebih persisi dan sempurna. Satu macam (module) pisau hobbing dapat digunakan untuk membuat segala macam jumlah gigi (dengan jumlah minimal 12). Proses pengerjaan ini hanya dapat dihasilkan jenis spur gear dan roda gigi cacing/cacing.

4.2.8.2.Proses pengerjaan dicetak:
Dilaksanakan untuk pembuatan roda-roda gigi dengan module-module yang besar karena untuk menghemat bahan yang terbuang. Tetapi dalam hal ini masih harus mendapatkan proses pengerjaan akhir dengan di potong, kecuali jenis-jenis roda gigi yang terbuat dari plastik.
  
4.2.8.3.Proses pengerjaan module:
Cara pengerjan ini untuk pembuatan pada module-module yang relatif kecil. Hasilnya berupa batangan kemudian dipotong-potong menurut lebar gigi yang dikehendaki.
4.2.8.4.Pada Pembuatan-pembuatan roda gigi yang jumlah gigi-giginya dibawah 17 mempunyai suatu perumusan yang berbeda, karena untuk menghindari terjadinya “Under Cutting” yang dinamakan pembuatan profil-profil gigi dengan koreksi à koreksi negatif dan koreksi positif.
Koreksi-koreksi ini digunakan bilamana :
-          Menghindari under cutting profil kaki gigi.
-          Memperkuat kaki gigi.
-          Menambah gerak bebas antara kedua gigi.
-          Menyesuaikan jarak sumbu yang pasti / tetap.










BACKGROUND CAD-techniques


The use of CAD-techniques in building design has increased rapidly during last 10 years and is today common practice for producing building documentation. As a consequence of this, the need to transfer CAD-information between the different participants in a construction project in digital form, and not only as plotted paper drawings, has become of vital importance. In contrast to the layout and symbols of paper drawings, which in most countries is more or less standardised, the techniques for managing digital CAD-data are still in their infancy. A representative of a major Swedish design company recently jokingly remarked, that in major projects the specifications for information co-ordination now seem to be more voluminous that the design specifications themselves. This remark is a clear symptom of the problems caused by the lack of standard data structures for information management in integrated CAD design.
 The transfer between CAD-systems of the graphics contained in output drawings alone, which to some extent can be handled using standards such as the DXF-format, is not enough. Increasingly CAD-systems are used not as digital drawing-boards, but for managing integrated 2-D (or at best 3D) models of a complete building. (Excellent guidelines for end users and application developers have for instance been produced in Denmark (Abb 1993)). A system such as AutoCAD makes a clear distinction between model-space (containing the model of the building in world coordinates) and paper-space (containing output from such models in drawing sheet coordinates). As a consequence a prerequisite for efficient data transfer and sharing is that the information in such models must be structured and partitioned in standardised ways. In current CAD-practice quite elaborate layering schemes, often used in combination with the reference-file technique, provide the dominating method used to achieve this end.
In layering systems each drawing primitive is assigned to some layer. The user can then interactively decide which layers to show actively on the screen or to output on a plotter. 































Layering techniques were taken into use in the beginning of the 1980's (Port 1984). Early systems contained a limited number of layers ( typically 64 or 256), but nowadays the flexibility is greater. Different CAD-vendors have implemented layers slightly differently but the basic ideas are the same. The benefits of allocating different layers to the different design subdisciplines became evident early on. In very crude layering schemes the architect was for instance given layers 0-99 to work with, the structural engineer 100-199 etc. More sophisticated systems can be based on using national building element tables as a basis of the layer division.
User groups for particular CAD systems, individual bigger projects, large companies etc. have defined their own layering standards. Since the end of the 1980's national standards or guidelines had been developed in a number of countries (NSF 1992) , (AIA 1990), (BSI 1990). In some countries (i.e., Sweden) the market dominance of particular CAD applications for building design has provided de-facto standards. Although most of these standards seem to use quite similar basic principles for layer division, the implementations and syntaxes vary a lot and make data exchange difficult. Many of these standards also suffer from technical deficiencies resulting from the ad-hoc and incremental fashion in which they were developed.
This is the background for the decision of the committee TC10/SC8 of the International Organization for Standardization to appoint a new working group ISO TC10/SC8/WG13 with the scope of defining an international standard for the use of layering in construction (ISO 1990). The committee had its first meeting in Stockholm in October 1993 and a Draft International Standard was approved in September 1996 (ISO 1996 a,b), (ISO/TC10/SC8/WG13 1996).





Tips for Using Google Adsense


Like anything else, you’ll get out of Google Adsense what you put into it.  The following optimization tips can help you grow your Google Adsense dollars:

Write interesting content and write every day.

Have more than one site.  The more sites you have, the more ads have the potential
to get clicked.

Set up channels and monitor your statistics across all sites.  If one site is performing
poorly, consider changing the content or the ad layout.  Experiment!

Change the ad layout and notice which layout works the best for you.  There are
many different layout options and there’s no way you can know going in which
one will perform the best.

If you’re blogging, writingup.com has a list of profitable topics.  They state that
you don’t have to write on those topics but  you might give it a try or at least plug
some of them in to the search engines.

Google different key words and phrases and notice how much and what kinds of content and ads you see.

Don’t be afraid to ask questions.

Minggu, 30 Desember 2012

Code of Journalistic Ethics: Ethics Professional Journalists in Indonesia

JOURNALIST is a profession. In other words, the reporter is a professional, like a doctor, midwife, teacher, or lawyer. A job can be referred to as a profession if it has four of the following, as stated an Indian scholar, Dr. Lakshamana Rao:There shall be freedom of the earlier work.There should be a call and attachment to the job.There should be a skill (expertise).There should be a responsibility attached to the job code. (Assegaf, 1987).I think the reporter (Indonesia) meets the four criteria profesioal.1. Journalists have freedom called freedom of the press, the freedom to seek, obtain and disseminate ideas and information. Law no. 40/1999 on the Press said, freedom of the press is guaranteed as a basic right of citizens, even the national press is not subject to censorship, bans, or bans broadcasting (Article 4, paragraphs 1 and 2). Parties try to hinder freedom of the press can be imprisoned up to two years in prison or a maximum Rp 500 million dena (Article 18 paragraph 1).Nevertheless, freedom here is limited by the obligation to respect the norms of religion and a sense of moral community and the presumption of innocence (Article 5, paragraph 1).Indeed, in addition, in practice, freedom of the press, as pioneered by the initiators of Libertarian Press, ultimately, more enjoyed by the owners of capital or media owner. As a result, journalists and writers should be subject to the interest of the owner or at least the vision, mission, and rubrikasi media. A newspaper in London and often "castrate" in addition to her own creativity journalist-black list a number of writers did not like.2. Journalists working hours are 24 hours a day because of the events that have diliputnya often unpredictable and can happen anytime. As a professional, journalists had to go into the field to cover it. That calls and attachment to work as a journalist. In fact, journalists sometimes have to work in danger. They want-and rightly so-to be the first to get news and recognize the leaders and famous people.3. Journalists have a particular expertise, that expertise search, reporting and writing news, including writing and speaking skills in English Journalism.4. Journalists have and comply with the Code of Ethics of Journalism (Article 7 paragraph (2) Law no. 40/1999 on the Press). Mentioned in the explanation, which is the Code of Ethics of Journalism is an agreed Code of Conduct established by the organization of journalists and the Press Council.Code of Journalistic Ethics (KEJ) first issued issued PWI (Indonesian Journalists Association). KEJ, among other sets.News obtained by dishonest means.Check the accuracy of the news or information before broadcast (check and recheck).As best he could distinguish between the occurrence of (fact) and opinion (opinion).Respect and protect the position of news sources who asked not to be named. In this case, a journalist should not tell me where he got the message if the person who gave him to keep it a secret.Not preaching information given off the record (for your eyes only).Being honest in citing sources cite news or article from a newspaper or publication, for the solidarity of the profession.As Indonesia entered the reform era with the end of the New Order regime, organization of journalists who had been "single", which just PWI, a lot. So, KEJ is only "valid" for journalists who are members of PWI. However, the organization of journalists who appeared besides PWI also take seriously the Journalists Code of Ethics. On August 6, 1999, as many as 24 of the 26 organizations and journalists gathered in Bandung Indonesia signed Journalists Code of Ethics (KEWI). Most of the content is similar to KEJ PWI. KEWI cored seven terms as follows:Indonesian journalists to respect the public's right to correct information.Indonesian journalists to take ethical procedures to obtain and relay information and provide the identity of the source of information.Indonesian journalists to respect the presumption of innocence, not to confuse fact with opinion, balanced, and always check the accuracy of the information and is not plagiarism.Indonesian journalists not to broadcast information that is false, defamatory, violent, obscene, and not to mention the moral identity of crime victims.Indonesian journalists do not take bribes and do not abuse the profession.Indonesia has a Right to Reject journalists, respect the provisions of the embargo, background information, and off the record according to the agreement.Indonesian journalists immediately revoke and rectify errors in reporting and serve right answer.KEWI then defined as the Code of Ethics that applies to all journalists in Indonesia. Determination made by the Press Council as mandated by Law no. 40 of 1999 on the Press through the Press Council Decree No.. 1/SK-DP/2000 dated June 20, 2000.Establishment of a Code of Conduct is to ensure the enforcement of press freedom and the fulfillment of the rights of the people. Code must be moral or professional ethics that can guide operational integrity and professionalism in upholding journalists. Supervision and sanctions for violations of the code of conduct is entirely left to the ranks of the press and implemented by organizations established for it.KEWI have the full attention of all journalists. That is if it really wants to uphold the image and position of journalists as "professionals". At least, that KEWI monitored internally by the owner or management editor respective media.

PANCAKE NOTOSUMAN

EVERY entered the Solo will be presented a lot of entertainment, travel and do not miss the typical traditional cuisine. One is Serabi Notosuman located precisely at Jalan Notosuman, which has now been renamed Jln. M. Yamin. In the region we have encountered many typical food vendors Solo existing since 89 years ago.





 FIGURE PANCAKE NOTOSUMAN


 
Notosuman pancake was established since 1923, founded by Mrs. Hoo Hok Ging hereditary and both prescription and possession, inherited.
Traditional food products are not much different from those Apem apparently accepted by many people, especially with the delicious flavor than Apem.
Cake made ​​of rice flour, Santen, and sugar and has many years of Solo's iconic traditional foods until now still exist.
If in other places in order to meet consumer tastes much make pancakes with diverse flavors like jackfruit flavors, strawberry, pandan, cheese and so on. Pancake Notosuman still consistently maintain two flavors, namely plain and brown, with simple flavors and recipes are still on hold Serabi Notosuman still in demand for its customers, it rarely stalls Serabi Notosuman be one compulsory destination for travelers who stop at Solo. Moreover, because it is made from natural ingredients that include: rice flour, molasses, ripe coconut, baking soda, egg yolks, water, pandan, etc.. This includes pancake durable if stored in the refrigerator.
Now pancake Notosuman has many branches opened in order to meet the customers or consumers outside the city of Solo, Serabi Notosuman following branches: Sukoharjo, Klaten, Sragen, Boyolali, Salatiga, Magelang, Tangerang, Jakarta, Bandung, Tasikmalaya.

Sabtu, 29 Desember 2012

Language and Meaning : Helping Minds Meet




WHAT LANGUAGE IS
Language is a unified system of symbols that permits the sharing of meaning.A symbol stands for, or represents, something else.Word are symbols,and thus words represent things.Notice the words represent and stand for rather than are.This is a very important distinction.Word stand for,or represent,things but are not the things they stand for.Words are spoken sounds or the written representations of sounds that we have agreed will stand for something else.Thus,by mutual consent,we can make anything stand for anything.
The process of communication involves using words to help create meanings and expectations.However,as important as words are in representing and describing objects and ideas,the meaning of a vebal message is not stamped on the face of the words we use.Meanings are in people,not in words,Meanings are unique ; you have your meaning and other people have theirs.Evena common word such as cat  can bring to mind meanings ranging from a fluffy Angora to a sleek leopard.Your goal in communicating with another person is to have your meanings overlap,so that you can each make sense out of the other’s mesagges and understand each other.

HOW LANGUAGE WORKS : WORDS,THINGS,AND THOUGHTS
Language can fulfill its potential only if we use it correctly.The triangel of meaning,developed by two communication theorists C.K.Ogden and I.A.Richards helps explain how language works (see Figure 5.1).In Ogden and Richards’ triangel of meaning,the three points are thought,word, and thing.The broken line connecting word (a symbol) and thing (a referent,or stimulus) indicates that the word is not the thing and that there is no direct connection between the two.Thus,whenyou see words,you must constantly remind yourself that the only relationships between the word you use and the things they represent are those that exist in people’s thoughts (including,of course,your own).Frequendy,even the existance of an image (a physical object) does not establish meaning.Some years ago,a public service comercial depicting a rat and a child living in a tenement was shown on television.

THE COMMUNICATION OF MEANINS
The communication of meaning from one person to another is a key function of language.The factors identified in this section relate to problems in the sharing of meaning.
·         Meanings Are Both Denotative and Connotative
Sometimes we forget that we may experience a problem in communication if we consider only our own meaning for a word.Although we know what we mean,the crucial question is,What does our word bring to mind for those with whom we are communicating?When we think about what language means ,we must think in terms of both denotative (objective,or dictionary)meaning and connotative (subjective,or personal) meaning.

·         Whether Language Is Concrete or Abstract Influences Meaning
The ladder is composed of a number of descriptions of the same thing.Lower items focus specifically on the person,object,or event,while higher items are generalizations that include the subject as part of a langer class.As the words we use move from abstract (less specific)to concrete (more specific),they become more precise in meaning and are more likely to appeal to our sense and conjure up a picture.Specific words clarify meaning by narrowing the number of possible images a person pictures.Were we to talk,for example,about our children’s academic experience,we could say that one of our children is in college and the other in graduate school (rather high levels of abstraction),or we could get more concrete and say that our daughter is in the management school of a Big East University and our son is in the molecular biology Ph.D.program at Cornell at Sloan-Kettering.Using high-level abstractions serves a number of functions.First,because high-level abstractions function as a kind of verbal shorthand,they enable us to generalize,and our communication becomes easier and faster.Second,when we believe it is necessary,because they also enable us to be deliberately unclear,high-level abstrations allow us to limit understanding and avoid confrontations.When,for example,a friend asks you what you think of a new outfit or your boss asks you what you think of a new corporate strategy,if telling the truth appears too risky to you,you can offer an abstract answer to the question and avoid being put on the line.On the other hand relying on high-level abstractions can also cause meaning to become fuzzy primarily because the words you use can be interpreted ambiguously.Thus,becoming aware of levels of abstractions reduces the likelihood of misunderstandings.For example,if individuals do not have a reservoir of shared experiences or interpretations,using more concrete language can enhance understanding between them.The goal is to use the level of abstraction that meers the needs of your communication objectives and the situation.


CULTURE AND LANGUAGE
  Since culture influences language use.communication between members of diverse cultures can be a challenge.
·         Culture Influences the Words Used
Both the dominant culture (the culture in power,the mainstream culture composed of people who share the same values,beliefs,and ways of behaving and communicating and who pass them on from one generation to another) and co-cultures (groups of people such as African Americans,Hispanics,Asians,musicians,athletes,environmentalists,and drug users,who have a culture of their own outside the dominant culture) have different languages.Hence,usages vary from culture to culture.If a concept is important to a culture,there will be a large number of terms to describe it.For example,in our culture,the word moncy is very important and we have many words to describe it : Wealth,capital,assets,backing,resources,and finance are just a few.Similarly,the Inuit,or Eskimos,have a number of words for show,because they need to be able to make fine distinctions when speaking of it.
·         Cultural Differences  Can Lead to Confused Translations
Translating ideas from one language to another sometimes leads to prablems.Oftentimes the situation produced by a bungled translation,while costly,is still amusing.For example,an English-speaking representative of an American soft drink company could not understand why Mexican customers laughed when she offered them free samples of Fresca soda.

·         Culture Influences Communication Style
As notes in Chapter 2,anthropologist Edward Hall distinguished between two kinds of cultures : low-context cultures (cultures in which self-expression is valued and whose members use explicit verbal messages to communicate information directly) and high-context cultures (cultures whose members place less reliance on explicit verbal messages and more emphasis on indirectness as a means of preserving social harmony).Because members of Asian cultures practice the principles of omoiyari (listeners need to understand the speaker with out the speaker’s being specific or direct) and sassuru (listeners need to use subtle cues to infer a speaker’s meaning),they are apt to keep their feelings to themselves and use language more sparingly and carefully than do West-erners.
·         Culture and Globalization.Influence the Language Used
Because of the popularity of Hollywood and the Internet,the use of English around the world is growing.In the era of globalization,even some companies,such as French telecommunications company Alcatel,now use English as their internal language.not everyone is pleased with this side effect of globalization,however.The fear among non-English-speaking nations is that,if their citizens use English,the use of their native languages will disappear,threatening national identity.
·         Hip Hop and Rap Talk
Hip hop is a social community that uses rap,a special language,to help express its culture.Rap is a celebration of language that speaks to both the body and the brain.Since its introduction about a quarter of a century ago,rap has been maligned and praised,condemned and luaded.It has been blamed for promoting violence and misogyny,praised for promoting peace and minority influence.In 2003,the U.S. government began to broadcast raps on the airwaves of Radio Sawa in an effort to win over Arab youth.


GENDER AND LANGUAGE
Language influences the attitudes we hold about males and females,as well as the way that males and females perceive eachother.
·         Sexism in Language
Sexist language perpetuates negative stereotypes and negatively affects our communication.Frequently,the way we use language reflects the society in which we live.
·         Gener and Speech Style
Sometimes the sex of communicators affects not only the meaning we give to their utterance but also the very structure of those  utterance.Woman,for example,tend to use more tentative phrases,or qualifiers,in their speech than men do.Phrases like “I guess”,”I think” and “I wonder if” abound in the speech patterns of women but not in those of men.This pattern is also passed on to the very young through their favorite cartoon characters.Just as their realilife counterparts are apt to do,female cartoon characters,more than male characters,use verbs that indicate lack of certainty (“I soppose”) and words judged to be polite.
·         Gender-Lects
Gender affects how men and women use and process language in a number of other ways as well.According to linguist Deborah Tannen,men and women speak different gender-lects.While women speak and hear a language of connection and intimacy,Tannen finds that men speak and hear a language of status and independence.


LANGUAGE AND POWER 
Both men and women have the potential to influence the way others perceive them by communicating in ways that make them appear more cunfident,more forceful,and thus more in control of a situation.The language people use helps us type them as having power or lacking power as powerful or powerless.
Some people seem to announce their powerlessness through their language.It is assumed that,because they speak indirectly,they lack self-confidance and power.In contrast,persons perceived to be “powertalkers” make definite statements,such as “Let’s go out to dinner tonight”.Powertalkers direct the action ; they assume control.


PROBLEMS WITH MEANING : PATTERNS OF MISCOMMUNICATION
If we do not make an attempt to analyze how people’s backgrounds influence them in assigning meaning,we may have trouble communicating with them.For most of us,words have more than a single meaning.In fact,a commonly used word can frequently have more than 20 definitions.We know that a strike in bowling is different from a strike in baseball.We know that striking a match is not the same as striking up the band.For this reason ,we must pay carefil attention to the context of a message.


PROFANITY AND OBSCENITY : THE COARSING OF LANGUAGE
In 1995,Random House published a guide called The F Word.It seems that the use of the f-word had become so ubiquitous that such a book was judged justified.What this suggests is that the use of insults,vulgar expressions,and speech that degrades and encourage hostility in others is on the rise.It has become the language used to communicate.
In 2001,a female employee of a major construction company complained to the company’s director of human resources about the cursing used in the company’s facilities.The use of profanity distressed workers.The company countered by publishing “A Language Code of Ethics”,Separate and apart from its sexual harassment policy guide.It defined inappropriate language as “unwanted,deliberate,repeated,unsolicited profanity,cussing,swearing,vulgar,insulting,abusive or crude language”.


THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT LANGUAGE : HOW TO MAKE LANGUAGE WORK FOR YOU
Whenever we communicate,we consciously or unconsciously select the level of language we will use.Normally,the words we select depend on the person with whom we are communicating and the situation in which we are communicating.


TECHNOLOGI AND LANGUAGE USE
Internet user Andrew Walker sometimes lapses into onlinespeak when writing offline : In one school paper,he wrote,”Surplus is an excess.But surplus can also mean 2 much”.His instructor deducted 10 points.The protocol of informality that marks electronic communication for Andrew and millions of others has led to our using language in ways we never would have before and has set off a debate regarding whether the internet invigorates language or strips it of its expressive power.


GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SKILLS
Throughout this chapter we have stressed that mastery of certain language skills will improve your ability to communicate effectively with others.Use the following guidelines to ensure that your words work for you rather than against you.
·         Identify how Labels Affect Your Behavior
We can state one of the most fundamental precepts of language simply and directly : Words are not the things they represent.Always remember that words are nothing more than symbols.
·         Identify How the Words You Use Affect Your Feelings and Attitudes
It is important to recognize that few of the words you select to describe things are neutral. S.I. Hayakawa and Alan R Hayakawa,authors of Language in Thought and Action,notes this :
We are a little too dignified,perhaps,to growl like dogs,but we do the next best thing and substitute series of words,such as “You dirtly double crosser.!! ”The filthy scum.!! “ Similarly,if we are pleasurably agitated,we may,instead of purring or wagging the tail,say things like “She’s the sweetest girl in all the world.
·         Identify How Experience Can Affect Meaning
Since we assign meaning on the basis of our experience,and since no two people have had exactly the same set experiences,it follows that no two people have exactly the same meanings for the same world.This aspect of language should be neither lauded nor curse ; it should simply be remembered.