(1544) Dutch Scientist Physics & Mathematics, Reinerus Gemma-Frisius, sketching photographic process invented by Alhazen
The working principle is applied to the camera obscura. The camera is the first camera obscura that hit the world of photography. The main section in the form of a closed dark room that only has a small hole. If the camera is exposed to light illuminated objects, on the wall facing the camera with a small hole is created reverse projection of the object.
(17th century) camera obscura shrunk and can carry. The form of a small box that has a small hole on the front lid manually. The back of the camera is where the movie. Small hole serves to place incoming light will expose the film.
Furthermore, in order to shorten the exposure time and improve the quality of the photos, mounted on the front of the hole with the lens cap still manual. Next start is equipped with a camera shutter and aperture. The diaphragm is a hole through which light is admitted, while the shutter is a curtain that replaces the function manually cover the lens on the front. The size of the aperture and the shutter opens and closes the length can be adjusted according to need, in order to obtain the accuracy of lighting in order to obtain a quality captured.
(June 1888), Eastman began producing box camera with the Kodak brand. With a single speed 1/125 sec and a fixed-focus lens, the camera is able to record all the objects clearly at a distance of more than 8 feet. Besides the camera, the film used in photography has developed its own.
PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography is the process of making paintings using the medium of light.
As a general term, photography means the process or method to produce pictures or images of an object by recording the reflection of light on the object on a light-sensitive medium. The most popular tool for capturing light is camera
TYPES OF CAMERAS
Based bidiknya system:
- View finder camera
- View camera
- Twin Lens Reflex Camera (box)
- Single Lens Reflex Camera
a. View Finder Camera
• separate viewfinder and lens
- The camera lens can not be removed and replaced
- Advantages: has good focus system, especially in the dark
- Disadvantages: There paralax, could not make a portrait (photograph) and the image is captured small viewfinder
- Easiest to use
b. View Camera
- Shaped like an accordion
- Rays emitted by the object image directly
- Passed through the lens and viewfinder berakhi on behind the camera
- Advantages: large viewfinder makes it easy to focus images from, versatile camera, does not happen paralax
- Disadvantages: Requires a tripod, dark viewfinder and mirror image on the bottom.
c. Twins Lens Reflex Camera
- Separate viewfinder and lens
- Having a mirror (permanent) reflecting shadows
- The lens can not be exchanged off
- Advantages: large viewfinder and be at the top of the camera
- Disadvantages: paralax occurs, the image in the viewfinder reverse left and right and use a great film.
d. Single Lens Reflex Camera
- Using reflective mirrors and prisms
- Lenses that are convertible - off
- It is better to take candid photos
- Pros: manual photography, eliminate paralax.
- Disadvantages: More complex, it occurs noise.
CAMERA PARTS
A LENS
- According to the kinds known normal lens wide angle lens, and a telephoto lens. Normal lens is a lens of our eyes a similar perspective. The distance between the lens to the film normal (50 mm). Wide-angle focal length lens that is smaller than normal. And the telephoto lens is a lens whose focal length is greater than normal.
- A combination of all three lenses called zoom lens (zoom lens).
- In addition, there are extra lens as a macro lens, lenses and other CU
Various kinds of lenses
- Standard lens. This lens is also called a normal lens. Measuring 50 mm and provide natural shooting character.
- Wide-Angle Lens (Wide Angle Lens). Lenses of this type can be used to capture a vast subject in a narrow space. The character of this lens is made subject smaller than actual size. By using the lens of this type, in the room we can shoot more people lined up when compared with a standard lens. The shorter the focus distance, then his eyes widened. Size beragan lenses ranging from 17 mm, 24 mm, 28 mm, and 35 mm.
- Fish Eye Lens. Fish eye lens is a wide angle lens with a diameter of 14 mm, 15 mm, and 16 mm. This lens gives a 180 degree view. The resulting image curve.
- Tele Lens. Telephoto lens wide angle lens is the opposite. The function of this lens is to approach the subject, but the narrow point of view. Which includes a telephoto lens is a lens measures 70 mm and above. Due to the narrow view angle, telephoto lens will blur the surrounding fields. However this is not a problem because it used a telephoto lens to get closer views and focus on a particular subject.
- Zoom Lens. A combination of a standard lens, wide angle lens, and a telephoto Lesa. Lens size is not fixed, for example 80-200 mm. This lens is quite versatile and has a fairly wide range of lenses. Therefore the zoom lenses are widely used, because users turn the size of the lens as required.
Diaphragm
- The diaphragm is a number of plates of steel that can be set, so that the hole be big or small. Numbers diaphragm called the F / stop is usually abbreviated. F.
example: F4, F5, F8, and so on.
- The diaphragm can be adjusted by changing the diaphragm scale figures contained in a circular ring on the lens with the numbers 1.4. 2.8. 4.5. 6.8. 1.1. 16.
c. SHUTTER SPEED (SPEED RANA)
- Rana is a kind of blinds that can be opened for a certain time, such as 1/60 sec
- Or speed shutter function is as a tool opening and closing the entry of light into the field of film as well as to protect the film from light
- Rana on camera by two kinds of gestures: Rana and Rana center gap.
- Usually the camera writing speed figures TB, 1.2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 125, 250, 500, 700, 1000, and so on. Figures 1.2, 4, 8.15 indicates the length of time to open a speed of 1 sec, 1/4 sec, 1/8 sec, 1/15 seconds and so on.
- T: time, when the speed button is pressed to open and will close when pressed again.
- B: Blub, when the speed button is pressed to open and if removed will close.
- T and B: used for lighting more than 1 second.
FOCUS (DISTANCE TIMER)
- Focus is setting the right lens for a certain distance.
- To sharpen the image on the film plane we need to adjust the distance or focus the camera by turning it and see it in the viewfinder.
- To memfocuskan pictures on the camera there are several kinds: a frosted glass, sliding pictures, picture frame, micro prism.
e. SCALE SHARP (THE SHARP)
There are three factors that determine the sharp, namely:
- Lenses, each lens produces sharply different space.
- The distance shooting, the more distant object that we focus on, the more spacious living sharpness.
- Diaphragm, the smaller the aperture opening, the sharp living space. The larger the aperture holes, further sharp narrow space.
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